Neglected Diseases Under-Funded Research and Insufficient Health Interventions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1451 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Neglected diseases: under-funded research and insufficient health interventions Sachs (2001, 2002) describes how health, science and technology are increasingly being identified as the fundamental pillars for the social and economic development. Despite the advancements in scientific and technology, infectious diseases are on the rise and keep affecting the poor and considered marginalized populations of the world. Three key factors are attributed to the burden from a public health point of view. These include the failure to use the tools that are in existence or either they are inadequate and failing. Another reason is that there is insufficient knowledge of the disease. The resulting outcome is the neglected diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) and malaria that the public-private partnerships have started to tackle the situation. The most of these neglected diseases are the sleeping sickness and the Chagas disease that are virtually ignored when it co mes to drug development and continue to plague the developing world. However, this reality could otherwise be changed like the example of Tanzania where there has been better use of the interventions already present. Another obstacle is the investment made in the basic research alone which will automatically lead to the development of new tools and their flawless adoption and use by the health systems of poor countries. This vision emphasizes the use of the available knowledge on the gaps but also disregards the difficulty of the health translation of research into policy and its practicality. There are usually complex relationships between the fundamental science and technological innovations. Stokes (1997) argues that the low priority that is given to the public health and research as pertains to health, by most disease endemic countries worsens the situations when they do the research themselves. Infectious diseases cause a lot of threats that the possibilities of singling out a specific strain is next to impossible. Instead of selecting the killer disease, we should also take into consideration of the biological enemies. We should put in mind the possible voluntary spread of infections by bioterrorism and the biological warfare. Henderson (1998) explains that although Ebola with wings is still a hypothesis, we should not forget that the pandemic of influenza is permanently on the horizon and that bioterrorism has already killed people. The postponing of the destruction of the last strains of the smallpox virus has resulted in the spending millions of dollars, in the campaign against a disease that was officially certified as having been eradicated in 1979 is a sad outcome. The proportion of military expenditure used to support the purchase of arms and the equipping militia has had an increase in GDP from 0% to 10% in areas such as Iceland and Costa Rica. It is higher in other sectors such as Eritrea having 22.9%, Angola with 21.2% while others hav e been excluded due to inconceivable health and education data. The component health share on the GDP continues to shrink considerably when compared to education. In simpler terms, military-oriented governments are more prone to finance a war and other armed skirmishes at the expense of the health structures and services of their population. Charitable Organization: World Health Organization The world health organization is a dedicated agency of the United Nations concerned with the public health on an international scope. It was created in 1948 and is a member of the United Nations Development Group. The world health assembly convened in July 1948 and settled at the creation of the World Health Organization to sign 61 countries. The current priorities of the WHO (world Health organization) include all communicable diseases in particular focusing on HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Malaria, and Tuberculosis. It is tasked with mitigating their effects, sexual reproduction, health and developme nt, food security, aging and nutrition, once all these are accomplished; they compile and develop reports and publications to network. WHO is responsible for the WHO health report which is a leading international paper on the health, the worldwide World health survey and the World Health Day. The proposed budget for the 2014/2015 is at US$3.98 billion of which about US$0.93 billion is to be provided by the member states. Cassels (2002) When any disaster happens, WHO is tasked with the objective of reducing any adverse consequences the catastrophe may have on the world health and its social and economic implications. The WHO has successfully announced the extraordinary spread of the disease polio on 5 May 2014. The outbreaks happened in Asia, Africa, and Middle East. On 8, August 2014, WHO discovered the Ebola outbreak and declared it a public health emergency as they believe it started in Guinea and found its way to subsequent countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone. They cons ider the situation in West Africa severe. Shimkin (2014) The legislative and supreme body of the World Health Organization is the World Health Assembly, which is based in Geneva. Their annual meetings are usually in may, and it is the one responsible for appointing the director general every five years. On a number of occasions, it votes on the policies and the possible sources of finance for WHO including their budgets. It reviews the reports made by the Executive Board and decides where there is a need for further evaluation. The Assembly elects a qualified team in the field of health, notably 34 members, to the Executive Board for a period of three years. The primary functions of this committee are to implement the policies the assembly puts in place and to facilitate its work. In the recent years, the work the WHO has been doing has been on the increase and has been involved in collaboration with different external bodies. In 2002, the total number of NGOs who had partners hips with the World Health Organization was 473. In addition to, there were 189 partnerships with international non-governmental organization in formal official relations while the rest were considered to be informal in character. Shimkin (2014) Investment Funds: Why the World Health Organization Doesnt Have Enough Funds The WHO was in deep financial trouble in 2012 with a deficit of 300 million USD. The World health assembly voted for major budgetary reforms, as a result. The agency has taken into action pruning and prioritizing their work. However, the $3.98 billion budget that was approved by the Assembly for 2014–15 shows zero growth on the $3.96-billion budget for 2012–13. These numbers are in line with the flat lining of the worldwide spending on global health. It would be imperative to notice that the government support for WHO has leveled off in the recent years and fails to keep up with the rising needs. Their budget is now majorly funded by the member c ountries. The Congressional Research service formulated a report that showed how US funding for the global health programs was increasing steadily until 2011 and then suffered a blow and started declining for the first time. The funding from US in 2010 totaled to $280 million in support of WHO’s general fund. Two years later, according to documents from the WHO, Washington had reduced the contribution 23% to $215 million. The drop in the US funding was as a result of the overall global trend. The financial crisis and their long term effect had set in. Many members started to replace their stimulus packages with the strict budgets and cutbacks on their initial commitment to the World Health Organization. Declain (2013) WHO had proposed a budget in 2010 which greatly exceeded the money inflow and thus faced with reduced income. They had to scale back its budget to around $3.96 billion total which was 20% less than what the leaders initially wished for at the time. The res ult was the slashing of 300 jobs at the Swiss headquarters. The US again in 2013, significantly reduced their contributions dropping its funding to $180 million. The 2014/15 budget which was approved in May 2013 has held steady at about $3.97 billion. The budget has also funded half of the health crises funding which caters for $228 million. About two-thirds of the overall budget for the World Health Organization is earmarked by donors including the United States for individual projects like the anti-Malaria or HIV/AIDS programs. Consequently, a substantial portion of the organization’s funds are off limits for the Ebola Effort. Alex (2014) References Cassels A: â€Å"Bioterrorism becoming too dominant on public health agenda? Can. Med. Assoc, 2002 Fenner F., Henderson D.A: â€Å"Smallpox and its eradication.† WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, (1988) Shimkin, Michael B: The World Health Organization, Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 20 14). Sachs J.D: â€Å"Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development. Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 2001 Sachs J.: â€Å"The essential ingredient.† (2002) Stokes D.E.: â€Å"Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation.† The Brookings Institution, Washington DC, USA, (1997) Henderson D.A: â€Å"The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science,† (1999) Declain Buttler: â€Å"World Health Agency Gets a Grip on Its Budget†, 2013 Alex Park: â€Å"Why the World Health Organization Doesnt Have Enough Funds to Fight Ebola†, 2014. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Neglected Diseases: Under-Funded Research and Insufficient Health Interventions" essay for you Create order

The Success Of A Company Tesla Garments Strategy - 1383 Words

For our company Tesla Garments strategy is central to the success of the company due to the stiff competition and the continuously changing market. After careful consideration I think ‘Beyond the Stars’ our five year strategy is just what we need to achieve success and growth in this industry. The strategy as the name suggests is intended to drive the company to success levels beyond the wildest imaginations. The name is chosen to reflect the kind of heights the top leadership has set their eyes on. This is also good as a driving force for the management as well as staff as they all pursue the levels envisioned in this plan. The idea for this strategy came from a deep set need to grow market share and build brand equity as a driver for†¦show more content†¦This will in turn help the company honor its promises to customers which will create customer goodwill. Again a lean production ensures the company reduces wastage to the bare minimum. (Wolfe, 2011) This is ve ry helpful in pursuing lower costs. Key areas addressed by the strategy include stock holding levels, lead time minimization and reduction of stock holding costs for the company. Lower costs will enhance our ability to offer better prices than competition giving us a cost leadership competitive edge. Efficiency and effectiveness of sourcing and the elimination of waste in our goods inwards processes is also key in breaking the quality cost trade off which is central to securing a blue ocean space in the industry. After inputs are received the next step is converting those inputs into outputs for consumption by the market. In my view this is the nerve center of the organization as the quality of our output relies heavily on how good we perform at this stage. Beyond the stars recognizes the critical role of internal processes to the success of the company. This is broken down to three aspects, (Barney, 2010) operations management, human resource management and Information management systems. These three provide the support as well as the core functions of the company. In operations management beyond the stars proposes lean manufacturing as the basic production philosophy. This is envisioned to reduce waste in the form of

Strategy and Culture Management

Question: Discuss about the Strategy and Culture Management. Answer: Introduction Apple is a technological organization, which had to attain high success in the field of designing, producing as well as selling off a huge range of products, such as iPod, iPad, and iPhone, that brings innovation in computers (Hubbard, Rice Galvin, 2015). Mobile phones, media tablet, along with Portable music players. Along with this, Apple also provides a huge range of software, networking solutions, application services, third-party digital content, as well as peripherals that depict the revolutionary time of differentiation and innovation of Apple. Although it is noted that touch screens are not something new, still Apple managed to become the first in attaining the huge market adapter for the technology by developing and launching the first ever series of iPhone in the year 2007 (Hubbard, Rice Galvin, 2015). The phone was popular due to its virtual, which was created by the new category within the market by leaving everything else. The target market of Apple cover up teenagers, university, and college students, along with young children, adults, business people, and kids. In the year 2012, Apple had around 412 retail stores in around 14 countries of the world (Zand, 2009). Simultaneously, Apple had 72800 employees as permanent and around 300 as temporary workers all over the world (Zand, 2009). As per the financial report, the organization recorded around total net revenue of around $156508 million in the 2012 fiscal year that also depicts the rise of 6% in the 2011 fiscal year. The company also recorded the net profit of around $41733 million, which was an increase of 61% in the 2011 fiscal year. It is depicted that, gross profit margin of Apple rise from 40.5% to around 43.9% in the last two years. It had happened mainly due to the efficient implementation of the differentiation strategy and cost-leadership in the years (Zand, 2009). Identify and evaluate the suitability of the organization's current strategy Detect and discuss the strategy that the organization (or SBU) is implementing/has executed by examining its strategy statement and its value chain activities. There is a shift in strategy at Apple for their business of Smartphones because the company had tried to change in their leadership practices in the year 2012. The current goals of Apple are to provide customers with the best experience of product through providing them with high as well as low-end items, which are user-friendly, includes innovative features that relate to the excellent sales along with post-sale support customer experience (Mankins Steele, 2005). Strategies applied in Apple Value chain activities Apple tried to outsource the core production of its items to the third party original manufacturer of equipments, which attain the cost savings by the massive economies of scale, where else in housing components of the design attract as well as retain the users. The company excels in the field of the user interface, and industrial designs and emphasize over these areas for the purpose of delivering the items, which are both stylish and useable (Mankins Steele, 2005). The people friendly devices of Apple along with highly personalized services of one to one customer help in creating the value proposition, which also commands the high and average cost. Value chain analysis plays a significant role in the progress of Apple. The company failed in becoming pioneer within the market, which was always good and came as the second mover in the market (Mankins Steele, 2005). Apple also attempts to explore the drawbacks in various items, and the company had tended to launch the products that are entirely free from the disadvantages. For instance, in the starting days, there exist a good availability of music players in the market, but simultaneously in lacks an important factor, such as portability. People are also not comfortable in applying the fewer facilities such as Walkman. People often look around for the portable music player having the enough capacity of storage along with best music quality. IPod launched by Apple tried to satisfy the needs, and this product was having the best quality of music as well as huge capacity for storage (Mankins Steele, 2005). There is no wonder that the iPod sell had broken all the previous records. One can even view the best implementation of the value chain of Apple when it offers the substitution for their items. The introduction of Apple like the vast range of issues due to the possibility of consumers adopting products goes less (Mankins Steele, 2005). Apple is still considered as excellent in its value chain analysis due to below factors: Inbound Logistics In inbound logistics, the primary operations of the company are highly controlled, which cover up activities like attaining materials from the suppliers, storing content and the manner it is handled by the enterprise. Apple had tried to implement the sophisticated automated system of receiving, to speed up the process of receiving and minimizing the footprint facility as well as the need for storage space (Okumus, 2003). It also includes delegation of raw material acquisition. The company works with the OEM partners to delegate the procurement process of raw material, which offers precise supervision of quality control. Operations relate to handling production as well as services. Apple had attained loads of ground through this factor. About the production and services of Apple, its quite complicated as well as vast in its nature, because various subdivisions are created for work distribution (Kaplan, 2005). According to the operations of the company, it is significant to make use of OEM economics of scale. Outsource production of Apple towards the third party partners that they take advantage of economies of scale while trying to mitigate production management burden from the company. It also includes interior designs. It includes conceptualization and design of the present as well as future products, which is undertaken internally at Apple, and it also makes use of industry-leading engineering and design team (Kaplan, 2005). In outbound logistics, end items are offered to the users, and its important that the firms distribution system should be good enough to do better within the department. In outbound logistics, Apple stores are highly devoted towards Apple items. In which distribution network is up to the mark, but the again monopoly of the product matters a lot. Outbound logistics includes about stylish or economic packaging (Kaplan, 2005). For the purpose of saving money over entice customers as well as shipments, Apple makes use of eye-catching packaging, which takes around little weight and physical space. It minimizes the cost of shipping as well as the impact of the environment while targeting the customers towards the products of Apple. Outbound logistics also includes authorized retailers or Apple stores. To control the brand image of the company, Apple tries to sell its products through first party details or either through the authorized retailers (Kaplan, 2005). Apple store also tries to ac t as per its ads for their brands and offer human touch between the customers and company. Authorized retailers often held towards specific standards for protecting the brand image of Apple. Outbound logistics includes direct shipment, in which the website of Apple includes online orders directly through the consumers through the availability of storage facilities set in China (Kaplan, 2005). It reduces the build-up of inventory in costly locations of a warehouse located in America. Sales and marketing Apple tries to slowly score in all these areas due to conducting aggressive marketing, developing heavy buzz within the market at the time of product launch, slick items, along with vast product range. Apple always try to innovate new items as per the requirements of user and even try to analyse the need of user in a very authentic way, for that Apple consistently undertake individual market survey, construct predictions, and then finally produce the items that meet the needs of consumers (Henderson Miller Hambrick, 2006). In the case of marketing and sales, Apple undertakes Mac Ads, in which Apple make use of TV ads as compared to products of the company towards competitors and apply various indirect and direct ways for building the brand image. The advertisements are quite humorous and dont stress over the cost or either the features, and develop a picture of the company (Henderson Miller Hambrick, 2006). Apple also emphasizes over the location of retail or either flagship stores , while marketing. Apple stores located in America try to serve live ads for the purpose of promoting the lifestyle and brand image of the company. Flagship stores such as one located in New York try to attract the customers over novelty in a hope to convert the consumer's visit during the time of sales. It also includes selective unveilings. Through undertaking the secrets related to items release and hold press events for unveiling the things (Henderson Miller Hambrick, 2006). The company also try to create suspension and hype around the launch of products. Services usually force the company, in which they hold specific provisions that excellently work towards growth such as Apple users had to make use of softwares developed by Apple, in case they take advantage of Apple gadgets. It not only tries to create a monopoly of products, but it also enhances the base of product and even increases loyalty of product. Services also include Apple genius, in which Apple store the Apple genius bar, in which customers can quickly discuss the specialist of Apple, about the issues ongoing with the device (Bradford Duncan, 2000). This interaction of human having the service provider of the first party try to build the rapport with the customers and provide the stark contrast towards unlimited service calls of the phone. It also covers included as well as extended warranty. Apple offers around 90-day warranty that goes against the problems and defects ongoing with products. Customers can also make a purchase the extended warranties by their Apple care, to save the product. Service also include free consultation, in which customers can come with a device for having a free consultation about the problems related with no commitment (Kono, 1994). The customers hold an option towards pursuing various avenues towards resolving the problem without going for an upfront charge. General Administration It includes greener Apple, in which Apple try to redesign its packaging for various famous items, to be more lightweight and hold less space in the shipment of products. It implies minimizing the emissions at the time of transportation and outcome in firm savings. Apple had also tried to move towards decreasing the harmful use of chemicals in the production of the product. It also includes the active position of cash. Apple seeks to maintain the vast cash reserves as well as undertake the little long-term debt (Kono, 1994). It also seeks to enable the company towards the capital purchase, expansion of finance, along with internal development with less dependence towards the third party creditors. Human Resource Management It includes selection process for recruiting talented people. Apple also provides different benefits to employees to complement the direct wages. The system of interest applies entice as well as retain the talent in benefit of the company (Kono, 1994). Apple focuses on research and development, and the company had spent around $1.33 billion in the year 2009. This push the company towards innovation. The company even holds the portfolio of having thousands of patents (Akan, Allen, Helms Spralls III, 2006). Apple works with leading suppliers like electronic industry citizenship coalition and makes sure that right treatment is given to factories (Akan, Allen, Helms Spralls III, 2006). The company had also developed suppliers code of conduct to focus on suppliers action. In the year 1996, Bowman had considered Porters general strategy, which includes product differentiation, cost leadership, as well as market segmentation for developing the model, known as Bowmans Strategy Clock (given in Appendix 1). It is noted that Apple 2011 report depicts that business strategy of Apple leverage the different ability towards designing and developing the own operating systems, softwares, hardware, and services for offering customers with new items and solutions having the high ease to use, innovative industrial design as well as seamless integration. It implies that Apple is creating things by adopting digital hub strategy that refers the MAC operating system (Allen Helms, 2006). The famous products of Apple include iPad, iPhone, iPod, as well as iTunes. None of these items can work without Mac operating system, and this depicts the focused differentiation strategy of the company. The company had even developed the brand reputation and even leads towards innovat ion in Smartphone technology. Apple even charges high price for its products in its segment and niche (Allen Helms, 2006). Significant factors affecting the organizations performance Political factor- It provides the high influence on the decision-making process of Apple, as they had set up various companies in the world. Though Apple failed in controlling the political factors since 2009, it is seen that half of companys sale comes through America. For reducing the operating cost, the firm had also spread the manufacturing of its product to various other businesses located in America (Parnell, 2006). Economic factor- the Global condition of the economy can be viewed as the factor, which can create influence on the business process of Apple, as the company is famous in the international market. Recession, inflation, as well as currency, are the three key factors, which are noticed by Apple. For instance, in inflation time in America, the people purchasing power get reduced and product sale of Apple in America also got reduced (Parnell, 2006). Social factors- Lifestyle, globalization and virtual world are considered as a social factor, which provides a broad effect on the business development of Apple. Technology is also viewed as a critical media, which develops globalization even faster. The virtual world can access in the present time by the support of tremendous business opportunity for Apple (Stephen Haines, 2004). Through this, the company can develop various virtual media. Cyberspace to trade market holds a huge role in creating influence on people to apply virtual world. Technological factor- in present time, technology market is getting big. The competition is increasing due to the healthy technological changes as well as innovation at a faster rate. In this case, Apple requires up gradation of its products to outdo competitors (Pretorius, 2008). Organization's strategy The generic strategy, as well as intensive growth strategies, directly link with the strategies of the company in costing, marketing as well as in various other business areas. As one of the top company in the world, Apple depicts the generic strategy as the key determinant benefit for supporting growth and for maintaining the firm position in the international market (Finkle Mallin, 2011). With the increased rate of innovation and stress over excellence in the area of product design, Apple had gained success relatively with higher cost. The favorable position depicts that the effectiveness of firm lies in its use of intensive growth strategies and growth strategy. The generic strategy of the company is broad differentiation. This strategy emphasizes over main features, which create a difference in the company and its items from the competitors. By applying general differentiation generic strategy, the company can easily stand out in the market (Heineman, 2011). For instance, stress over the designs along with high-end branding and user-friendliness create a difference in the company. The generic strategy of broad differentiation aims towards establishing the firm apart from its market competitors not by price but rather through the main features, which are advantageous to customers. All these main features cover up seamless connectivity existing among the cutting edge aesthetics and devices while designing (Heineman, 2011). Intensive growth strategy of Apple Product development- Apple make use of product development, as their critical intensive strategy towards bringing growth. Development of product needs that the firm should provide beautiful items for enhancing its market performance and share (Hull, 2012). Apple tries to implement their intensive growth strategy with the help of innovation in the process of research and development. Market penetration- Apple make use of market penetration as the key intensive growth strategy. It includes attaining high market share through selling the current items of the company. For instance, intensive approach to selling out the iPads and iPhones in the present targeted market (Hull, 2012). Market development- Apple make sue of developing market as the less important factor within intensive growth strategy. Market development includes developing new markets for the total new market (Hull, 2012). The intensive growth strategy match with the strategy of market penetration, but still the development of market emphasize over establishing a presence within new markets. Apply usually apply intensive growth strategy through trying to authorize the market new sellers, in which companies fail to hold presence. Implementation of strategy Apple strategic goals are set towards developing new items, while simultaneously, it stresses over designing it successfully, due to its use as the element of strategic implementation. The resource allocation undertaken by the company for creating the new items should be substantial, and it should be planned and thought resources (Heather 2012). The financial resources emphasize the new product development, having a unique and high design, which adopts the Sun Tzus strategic principles for knowing the competitors. By making use of superior capabilities, Apple had tried to develop the above items, as developed by its competitors and therefore, its important for the firm to acquire the valuable segment in the market. The important systems, which is employed by the company is best, and it helps in bringing electronics and telecommunications business, and accordingly implementation is undertaken (Lynch, 2011). Main issues and recommendations The key issues faced by Apple is related to whether it will be able to maintain their success. The firm had tried to establish the high standards on its own. In case the company comes with the new product, it can be ground breaking or it might either disappoint the customers (Lynch, 2011). Coming in contact with the high expectations can be considered as the key challenge, which is faced by the organization. Famous notion mentions that Steve Jobs can be seen as responsible for coming up all fortune for the firm, and under the guidance given by him had helped in rolling the products such as iPad, iPhone, iPad as well as MacBook. The other issues relate with increasing competition coming from other companies like, HP, Samsung, Nokia, etc., which wouldnt be easier. The key intensive growth strategy of Apple is referred as product development. Market development, as well as market penetration, are considered as a second and third priority for the company (Lynch, 2011). These intensive strategies of growth approve and help the generic strategy of Apple. The company is reliable in its product development, which is undertaken from innovation. However, for enhancing the performance, the firm should stress over market development and market penetration. It is important that focus should be set on two main intensive growth strategies, which can support in improving the resilience of Apple against the aggressive competitors (Lynch, 2011). Conclusion A good strategy can help in turning the ailing firm to become a global leader. The story related with success of Apple prove this statement. Simultaneously, inability in explaining the competitive strategy, when required can impact the future of the organization. References Hubbard, G., Rice, J., Galvin, P. (2015). Strategic management: Thinking, analysis, action (5th ed). Sage. Zand, D. E. (2009). Strategic renewal: How an organization realigned structure with strategy. Strategy Leadership, 37(3), 23-28. Mankins, M. C., Steele, R. (2005). Turning great strategy into great performance. Harvard Business Review, 83(7/8), 64-72. Okumus, F. (2003). A framework to implement strategies in organizations. Management Decision, 41(9), 871-882. Kaplan, R. S. (2005). How the balanced scorecard complements the McKinsey 7-S model. Strategy Leadership, 33(3), 41-46. Henderson, A. D., Miller, D., Hambrick, D. C. (2006), How quickly do CEOs become obsolete? Industry dynamism, CEO tenure, and company performance. Strat. Mgmt. J., 27, 447460. Bradford, Duncan. (2000). Simplified Strategic Planning. Chandler House. Stephen, G., Haines. (2004). ABCs of strategic management: an executive briefing and plan-to-plan day on strategic management in the 21st century. Sage Kono, T. (1994). "Changing a Company's Strategy and Culture". Long Range Planning Akan, O., Allen, R. S., Helms, M. M., Spralls III, S. A. (2006). Critical tactics for implementing Porters generic strategies. Journal of Business Strategy,27(1), 43-53. Allen, R. S., Helms, M. M. (2006). Linking strategic practices and organizational performance to Porters generic strategies. Business Process Management Journal, 12(4), 433-454. Parnell, J. A. (2006). Generic strategies after two decades: a reconceptualization of competitive strategy.Management decision,44(8), 1139-1154. Pretorius, M. (2008). When Porters generic strategies are not enough: complementary strategies for turnaround situations.Journal of Business Strategy,29(6), 19-28. Finkle, T. A. Mallin, M. L. (2011). Apple Inc.: product portfolio analysis.Journal Of The International Academy for Case Studies, 17(7), 63-74 Heineman, B. W. (2011). Steve Jobs and the Purpose of the Corporation. Harvard Business Review. Harvard Business Publishing Hull, P. (2012). Be Visionary. Think Big. Retrieved on 26 January 2017, fromhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickhull/2012/12/19/be-visionary-think-big/ Heather, K. 2012. How Apple Has Changed under Tim Cook.CNN. Cable News Network, Retrieved on 26 January 2017, from https://www.cnn.com/2012/10/04/tech/innovation/apple-tim-cook/index.htmlgt. Lynch, R. (2011) Strategic Management Case plus Case Answer Apples Profitable but Risky Strategy. Retrieved on 26 January 2017, from https://www.global-strategy.net/apples-profitable-but-risky-strategy/

Pleading Insanity free essay sample

When does it become necessary to protect a child from their own parents and why would a parent want to cause harm to their child. There are many cases of parents killing their own children; one case in particular is that of Andrea Yates, who drowned all five of her children in a bath tub. Many parents end up pleading insanity after murdering their kids. One would think a parent would have enough self control over their own actions and thoughts to not cause harm to their offspring. Many of these parents committing these horrific crimes have been dealing with a mental condition or illness.The big question is why would a parent want to cause harm to their own child? In 2006, Andrea Yates of Houston Texas was found not guilty by reason of insanity for the drowning of her five children. She suffered from severe postpartum psychosis and, in a delusional state; believed Satan was inside her and was trying to save them from hell (McNamara M. , 2006a, p, 1). In 2001 Yates filled the tub with water and began with the drowning of her three youngest sons, then her only daughter, and last her first born son who was seven years old (Montaldo, 2010, p. ). The evidence in this case seemed to show both that Yates knew what she was doing was criminal and she thought she was actually saving her children from punishment from beyond. In other words, some evidence suggested that she be treated as a murderer, while some suggested that she be treated as an insane person (Vatz R. E. and Weinberg L. S. 2002, p. 49). Typically woman who are depressed after child birth experience â€Å"baby blues† and some are diagnosed with postpartum depression.Yates was diagnosed with an extreme form of postpartum depression (McNamera M. 2006b, p. 1). Symptoms of postpartum psychosis include confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, delusions, paranoia and attempts to harm yourself or the baby (The Mayo Clinic, 1998-2010a). These symptoms usually develop within the first two weeks after delivery. Physical, emotional and lifestyle factors may all play a role in postpartum depression (The Mayo Clinic, 1998-2010b). Many researchers conclude that postpartum psychosis is strongly related to the bipolar spectrum.Indeed, one theory is that new mothers who have psychotic episodes and dramatic mood swings are actually experiencing their first bipolar episodes, with the manic-depressive illness having been dormant beforehand and triggered by childbirth. In fact, for 25% of women who have bipolar disorder, the condition began with a postpartum episode (Sharma, A. and Mazmanian, D, 2003). Generally people tend to not understand why a mother would kill her children. You often hear them say that the family seemed happy. These families may be suffering from marital or financial problems.Theresa Riggi from The Early Show on Saturday Morning states there are five reasons why parents might take the lives of their offspring. Altruism refers to a parent who kills a child to relieve the suffering of the child. This may be because the parents becomes depressed and doesn’t want to leave their child behind in such a terrible world, or because they either perceive the child to have a syndrome that would cause them to suffer, or they may have a real syndrome that causes them to suffer. Acute psychosis would be a parent who is mentally ill and there’s really no alternative, rational explanation for the death of the child.An unwanted child is self-explanatory. The parent feels the child is a hindrance and gets in the way of the parent’s goals. Child maltreatment involves â€Å"accidental or fatal child abuse. The parent through the course of physical abuse goes too far. And spousal revenge, which is the rarest form of filicide, the murder of a child by a parent (CBS News, 2010). On one side, some say that the insanity plea is a defense tactic intended to keep guilty defendants from being given the death penalty or serving time in prison and it should not influence their punishment. They tend to believe that most of those that plead insanity will get released form mental institutes much sooner, than if they were serving lengthy prison terms. Others say the insanity plea is a valid legal defense. Parents who kill their children should be given the opportunity to declare insanity. Society wants criminals to be punished for their crimes, yet also understands that those who are ill should receive the treatment they need. The insanity plea is a touchy area for the criminal justice system. Typically those parents who kill their children do know it was wrong, yet at the time claim they have no control over what they were doing.The defendants in these cases have typically been seeing a psychiatrist or have been on medication for prior illnesses. There are problems that have led up to the crimes they commit. It seems as though some of these children could have been removed from the environment before the situation got out of hand. One can wonder if our justice system is doing enough to help these children. The book states that under the Durham Rule, an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect.Disease is used in the sense of a condition which is considered capable of improving or deteriorating, Defect is used in the sense of a condition which is not considered capable of either improving or deteriorating which may be congenital or the result of injury or the residual effect of a physical or mental disease (Schmalleger, 2009a, p. 242-243). The book states that this new rule was intended to simplify the adjunction of mentally ill offenders yet has resulted in additional confusion. The link between mental illnesses or conditions and criminal behavior is far from clear (Schmalleger, 2009b, p. 43). Some people fight against mental illnesses all of their lives and never commit crimes, others going through the same thing are habitual offenders. Many people tend to fake mental illnesses to keep from going to prison. Because of this several states have created the guilty but mentally ill (GBMI) verdict. The book states this is a finding that offenders are guilty of the criminal offense with which they are charged, but because of their prevailing mental condition, they are generally sent to psychiatric hospitals for treatment rather than to prison.Once they have been cured, however, such offenders can be transferred to correctional facilities to serve out their sentences (Schmalleger, 2009c, p243). Even if a degree of mental incompetence was present a person can be held accountable for a particular criminal offense. Schmalleger states that a jury must return a finding of GMBI if (1) every statutory element necessary for a conviction has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt